In work package 3 of SALLnet we examine two production-relevant ecosystem services (pollination and biocontrol) and their potential trade-offs in macadamia systems. The influence of land use change and climate change is tested through extensive field studies on macadamia orchards along anthropogenic and natural gradients. To quantify ecosystem services, enclosure experiments are carried out on each orchard to quantify the services of predators (birds, bats) and of pollinators (bees and other flower visitors).